Lecture notes applied superconductivity electrical. The fact that the resistance is zero has been demonstrated by sustaining currents in superconducting lead rings for many years. Photograph kindly supplied by the international superconductivity research center istec and nihonsumo kyokai, japan, 1997. Solid state physics superconductivity i lecture 30 a.
A full set of a level physics notes free to download. Bcs theory of superconductivity lecture notes for engineering. We have divided these notes into three parts and each part. Resistance versus temperature graph of a thermistor. Advanced information on the nobel prize in physics, 7 october 2003 information department, p. Level 2 5 questions, 5 sentences, 5 words 10 credits each. Conductors, semiconductors, superconductors an introduction. Superconductivity and low temperature physics walther mei. Note also the three metals at right which were formerly included as type i superconductors in the above table, but have been shown to exhibit type ii properties. Department of physics of the university of florence, via g. Superconductors are materials which have zero resistivity at and below a critical temperature. Superconductors already have drastically changed the world of medicine with the advent of mri machines, which have meant a reduction in exploratory surgery. The book covers key aspects of superconductivity, outlined in a clear and logically structured form. A description of superconductivity in a little more detail than you need at a level to explain the basic concepts of a quantum mechnical phenomenon.
Introduction of superconductivity electrical resistivity v temp. Chapter 1 superconducting properties of solids references. It envisions resistancefree conduction of coupled pairs of electrons called cooper pairs. The phenomenon of superconductivity only occurs at very low temperatures. They are written for the aqa exam board but should still be useful for all other exam boards, including edexcel, and ocr a and b. Superconductivity aqa a level physics revision notes. This hardcopy is provided so that you can fully participate in class discussions without having to worry about writing everything down. The drude model of solid state physics applies classical kinetics to electron motion. Much of the physics involved in the bcs theory can be discussed in the context of a simple quantum. In a superconductor a current flows on its surface to shield the inside against an external magnetic field, so that the magnetic flux density b is zero in the. Cambridge international as and a level physics 9702 notes. Superconductors were discovered in 1911 by heike kamerlingh onnes.
The sumo wrestler including the plate at the bottom weighs 202 kg. Work, power, energy mechanics circular motion alevel mechanics the mechanical property of matter, hookes law alevel mechanics moments, couple alevel mechanics simple harmonic motiona level surface tension. Lowtemperature superconductivity is treated at an introductory level. Lecture notes on superconductivity a work in progress daniel arovas congjun wu department of physics university of. This is a first version of lecture notes on superconductivity on an introductory level. Electrical resistivity and conductivity a level physics. The charges accelerate from one point of a circuit to another due to potential difference between the two points. While these notes are intended to be reasonably complete, you will probably want to add your own notes. Quantum physics notes j d cresser department of physics macquarie university 31st august 2011.
Key to the formation of cooper pairs is the existence of a welldefined. Superconductivity is a set of physical properties observed in certain materials where electrical. In 1911 kamerlingh onnes and one of his assistants discovered the phenomenon of superconductivity while studying the resistance of metals at low temperatures. Superconductivity, complete disappearance of electrical resistance in various solids when they are cooled below a characteristic temperature. Power utilities, electronics companies, the military, transportation, and theoretical physics have all benefited strongly from the discovery of these materials. This work is one of the first general monographs about superconductivity written after the discovery of. Everything from the physics and some of the history as well. Conductors, semiconductors, superconductors springerlink. Discovery of superconductivity meissner effect type i superconductors type ii superconductors theory of superconductivity tunneling and the josephson effect hightemperature superconductors. Indeed, the marriage of quantum mechanics the physics of the very small with general relativity the physics of the very large is believed by some to be the crucial step in formulating a general theory of everything that will hopefully contain all the basic laws of nature in one package. A level physics notes and worked examples to help students with their exams. A level physics notes download a full set of free revision. It was first discovered by the dutch physicist heike kamerlingh onnes, who was the first to liquefy helium which boils at 4. K electrical resistivity is 0 for perfectly pure metal any metal cant be perfectly pure.
The topics include meissnerochsenfeld effect and london equations, thermodynamic properties of the superconducting state, type i and ii superconductors. Nov 20, 2014 superconductors are the material having almost zero resistivity and behave as diamagnetic below the superconducting transiting temperature superconductivity is the flow of electric current without resistance in certain metals, alloys, and ceramics at temperatures near absolute zero, and in some cases at temperatures hundreds of degrees. This temperature, called the transition temperature, varies for different materials but generally is below 20 k. The energygap in superconductors can be measuredby electron tunneling between a superconductor and a normal metal, or between two superconductors separatedby an insulating layer.
As the charges move from the negative to the positive terminals, they collide with the positive ions, which get in their way. Power utilities, electronics companies, the military, transportation, and theoretical physics have all. Superconductivity gcse and a level physics revision. Congjun wu department of physics university of california, san diego june 23, 2019.
What is a superconductor, discovery of superconductivity, meissner effect, type i superconductors, type ii superconductors, theory of superconductivity, tunneling and the josephson effect, hightemperature supercondutors and applications of superconductors. The more impure the metal electrical resistivity certain. Designed by the teachers at save my exams for the aqa a level physics syllabus. The bcs theory of superconductivity has successfully described the measured properties of type i superconductors. As physics chapter 12 notes electric current a level notes. The resistance drop was confirmed by a mistake on april 28, 1911.
In the case of a weak link between two superconductors, current can. Part of the undergraduate lecture notes in physics book series ulnp. Superconductors are the material having almost zero resistivity and behave as diamagnetic below the superconducting transiting temperature superconductivity is the flow of electric current without resistance in certain metals, alloys, and ceramics at temperatures near absolute zero, and in some cases at temperatures hundreds of degrees. Page 3 type i superconductors superconductors which one follows a complete meissner effect is called type i superconductors also is known as soft superconductors. Discovery of superconductivity meissner effect type i superconductors type ii superconductors theory of superconductivity tunneling and the josephson effect. A closed loop of superconducting wire carrying a current will continue to carry the current as long as the temperature is kept below the critical temperature tc. Superconductors superconductivity is phenomenon in certain materials at extremely low temperatures, characterized by exactly zero electrical resistance and exclusion of the interior magnetic field i. A level physics notes pages 1 50 flip pdf download fliphtml5. In the second half of the last century solid state physics and materials science experienced a great advance and established itself as an important and independent new field. Lecture notes on superconductivity a work in progress. Many of its articles have garnered thousands of citations within 10 years of publication. Theory of superconductivity i lecture notes for all lectures taken by zhen bi pdf video subir sachdev. Resistivity and superconductivity physics tutor online.
In the years since, this field has greatly expanded and many other forms of superconductors have been discovered, including type 2 superconductors. Check pages 1 50 of a level physics notes in the flip pdf version. It also provides much uptodate information and covers advanced topics. Superconductivity, complete disappearance of electrical resistance in various solids when they. If you ally need such a referred the physics of superconductors. Superconductivity a level physics a description of superconductivity in a little more detail than you need at a level to explain the basic concepts of a quantum mechnical phenomenon.
Maxwells equations basic derivation a basic derivation of the four maxwell equations which underpin electricity and. It is intended to be used along with the lectures i deliver at. Mechanics physical quantities, units and dimensions mechanics linear motion mechanics motion under gravity and projectiles newto ns l aws of motion. Fernandes here we will discuss a new ground state of the interacting electron gas. Tech sem i engineering physics uiii chapter 2 superconductivity 1. Kristian fossheim and asle sudbos superconductivity.
Pressure in liquids, viscosity, bernoullis equation, density, flow properties. Superconductivity is destroyed by a critical magnetic field bc specific heat, infrared absorption, tunnelling, all imply that there is an energy gap associated with superconductivity resistivity transition is very sharp in pure materials as narrow as 103 k. The temperature at which a material becomes a superconductor is known as the critical temperature. Applied superconductivity lecture notes pdf 35p download book. Sep 15, 2019 cambridge international as and a level physics 9702 notes papacambridge provides cambridge international as and a level physics 9702 notes and resources that includes topical notes, unit wise notes, quick revision notes, detailed notes and a lot more. Superconductivity lecture notes of basic courses presented at 1st topsoe summer school on superconductivity editors. Pdf lecture note on superconductivity, solid state physics. Superconducting rock magnetometer cryogenic system manual. Condensed matter and qcd lectures at the university of barcelona, spain, septemberoctober 2003 roberto casalbuoni. Applications of superconductors to include the production of strong magnetic.
Device or a wire made of a material that has zero resistivity at and below a critical temperature that depends upon the. This book provides an introduction to the fundamentals of solid state physics, including a description of the key people in. Kammerlingh onnes in 1911 was followed by the observation of other metals which exhibit zero resistivity below a certain critical temperature. Bardeen, cooper, and schrieffer received the nobel prize in 1972 for the development of the theory of superconductivity. The phenomenon was dis covered in the spring of 1911. Applied superconductivity lecture notes pdf 35p this note covers the following topics. Solid state physics part iv superconducting properties. In 2018, a research team from the department of physics, massachusetts.
Mortensen physics department abstract this report contains lecture notes of the basic lectures presented at the 1st topsoe summer school on superconductivity held at riso national labora tory, june 2024. The superconducting state is a phase of matter, as is ferromagnetism, metallicity, etc. Use these to help revise for exams and to read through as you go along to build understanding. Its the guarantee of papacambridge that you will find the latest notes and other resources of cambridge. Solid state physics part iv superconducting properties of solids. Modulus 15 resistivity and superconductivity 15 progressive waves 16. May 30, 2019 superconductivity was first discovered in 1911 when mercury was cooled to approximately 4 degrees kelvin by dutch physicist heike kamerlingh onnes, which earned him the 19 nobel prize in physics. A closed path and the surface it contains within a superconductor. Superconductivity a level physics teaching resources.
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